Sources
Where this comes from
Papers and reference sites
- Astur, Ortiz & Sutherland (1998), A characterization of performance by men and women in a virtual Morris water task, Behavioural Brain Research
- Astur et al. (2004), Sex differences and correlations in a virtual Morris water task, a virtual radial arm maze, and mental rotation, Behavioural Brain Research
- Barnes (1979), Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat, J Comp Physiol Psychol
- Deacon & Rawlins (2006), T-maze alternation in the rodent, Nature Protocols
- Gallagher, Burwell & Burchinal (1993), Severity of spatial learning impairment in aging, Behavioral Neuroscience
- Garthe, Behr & Kempermann (2009), Adult-generated hippocampal neurons allow the flexible use of spatially precise learning strategies, PLoS ONE
- Hall (1934), Emotional behavior in the rat. I. Defecation and urination as measures of individual differences in emotionality, Journal of Comparative Psychology
- Laver et al. (2017), Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Laver et al. (2025), Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Maei et al. (2009), What is the most sensitive measure of water maze probe test performance?, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
- Morris (1981), Spatial localization does not require the presence of local cues, Learning and Motivation
- Morris, Garrud, Rawlins & O'Keefe (1982), Place navigation impaired in rats with hippocampal lesions, Nature
- Morris (1984), Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat, J Neurosci Methods
- Olton & Samuelson (1976), Remembrance of places passed: spatial memory in rats, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process
- Prut & Belzung (2003), The open field as a paradigm to measure the effects of drugs on anxiety-like behaviors: a review, European Journal of Pharmacology
- Rosenfeld & Ferguson (2014), Barnes maze testing strategies with small and large rodent models, JoVE
- Simon, Dupuis & Costentin (1994), Thigmotaxis as an index of anxiety in mice: influence of dopaminergic transmissions, Behavioural Brain Research
- Thornberry, Cimadevilla & Commins (2021), Virtual Morris water maze: opportunities and challenges, Reviews in the Neurosciences
- Vorhees & Williams (2006), Morris water maze: procedures for assessing spatial and related forms of learning and memory, Nature Protocols
Specialist pages consulted (rewritten, not copied)
- hvsimage.com/morris-water-maze-analysis/
- hvsimage.com/video-tracking-behavioral-analysis-system/
- hvsimage.com/virtual-reality-for-therapy/
- hvsimage.com/virtual-reality-for-rehabilitation/
- hvsimage.com/morris-water-maze-software/
- hvsimage.com/virtual-reality-morris-water-maze/
- hvsimage.com/barnes-maze/
- hvsimage.com/identify-morris-water-maze-behaviors-and-search-strategies/
- hvsimage.com/open-field-test/
- hvsimage.com/simulating-animal-paradigms-in-humans-using-virtual-reality/
Original articles behind our research news
- Bioengineer.org, 20 Oct 2026: Exercise order matters, and BDNF doesn't tell the whole story
- Scientific Reports, 4 Sep 2026: Newborn anaesthesia: the Y-maze caught what the water maze didn't
- Bioengineer.org, 10 Sep 2026: A carbon football that calms the brain after radiation